| dc.description.abstract | The present study reports the water softening by adsorption of hardness ions onto Coconut Shell Activated
Carbons (CSAC). Characterization of CSAC was identified by FT-IR and SEM techniques. Batch experiments were carried
out to determine the effect of various adsorbent factors such as adsorbent dose, initial pH, contact time, and temperature, on
the adsorption process using synthetic and field collected water samples. Removal efficiency at nearly neutral pH of 6.3 for
both synthetic and field collected water samples were 60% and 55% respectively. Temperature study (303 K-333 K) shows
that the softening process in synthetic and field hard water is endothermic as removal efficiency was increasing from 40% and
29% at 303 K to 47% and 38% at 333 K respectively. Removal efficiency increases with the increase in contact time and
adsorbent dose until 15 hours and 0.24g/cm
3
respectively, for both field and synthetic hard water, which was considered to be
maximum. Equilibrium isotherms have been analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and both Freundlich
and Langmuir isotherm models fit to explain the adsorption behavior of hardness ions onto CSAC. | en_US |
